Parkev Tatevosian, CFA 对 $V 的判断变化

Visa and Mastercard are among the most dominant financial services companies in the world. What makes it even more special is that they do not compete fiercely with each other.

In fact, the competition between them is so weak that regulators have accused them of colluding with each other.

The first of these companies that I will highlight is Visa. This company's competitive advantage starts with its network. It has spent decades building a two-way network with consumers who hold Visa cards, both digitally and physically , and merchants who accept Visa cards as a means of payment.